



Hundreds of Physical
Processes
Set Limits on the Age of the World
1. Helium in atmosphere
2. Helium in ground
3. Meteor dust
4. Buildup of carbon 14
5. Human population
6. Natural plutonium
7. Sodium in sea
8. Sediment in sea
9. Erosion of continents
10. Earth's magnetic field
11. Oil leaks in earth
12. Natural gas in earth
13. Orphan radiohalos
14. Neutrons and strontium
15. Decay of rock magnetism
16. Tight bends in rocks
21. Coral reef growth
22. Oldest living plants
23. Human civilizations
24. River delta growth
25. Undersea oil seepage
26. Uranium in sea
27. Neutrons and lead
28. Rotation of spiral galaxies
29. Interstellar gas expansion
30. C-14 in meteorites
31. Decay of comets
32. Interplanetary dust removal
33. Lifetime of meteor showers
34. Dust on the moon
35. Slowing of earth's rotation
36. Heat loss from earth
41. Peat bog growth
42. Multi-layer fossils
43. Hardening of rocks
44. Decay of Saturn's rings
45. Potassium in the sea
46. Titan's methane loss
47. Internal heat of Io
48. Leaching of chlorine
49. Radiogenic lead
50. Niagra Falls erosion
51. Stone age burials
52. Seafloor calareceous ooze
53. Uranium decay
54. Squashed radiohalos
55. Young water to sea
56. Magma to earth's crust
More than 90 % of these processes
give an age less than billions of years
Source: Russell Humphreys, Ph.D.